Corruption Perceptions Index 2022

ENDNOTES 1 According to the Global Peace Index. 2 World Bank. 2011. World Devel- opment Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development . Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/ curated/en/806531468161369474/ pdf/622550PUB0WDR0000public- 00BOX361476B.pdf 3 United Nations. 2021. “The UN common position to address global corruption: Towards UNGASS 2021”. New York: United Nations. https:// ungass2021.unodc.org/uploads/ ungass2021/documents/session1/ contributions/UN_Common_Position_ to_Address_Global_Corruption_To- wards_UNGASS2021.pdf 4 Corruption risks within defence and security institutions in almost 90 countries are identified in Trans- parency International’s Government Defence Integrity Index (GDI). 5 “Significant” progress refers to an improvement backed by a majority of the CPI’s underlying data sources. Some countries have shown a score at least three points higher or lower than that which they received in 2012, but there is a substantial variation among the CPI’s underlying sources. 6 Transparency International Defence and Security. 2017. “The Fifth Column: Understanding the Relationship Between Corruption and Conflict”. London: Transparency International UK. https://ti-defence. org/publications/the-fifth-column/ 7 See Deglow A., and Fjelde H. 2021. “The Quality of Government and Civil Conflict”, in Bagenholm A., Bauhr M., Grimes M. and Rothstein B. (eds). The Oxford Handbook of the Quality of Gov- ernment . New York: Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/ edited-volume/33431; Transparency International Defence and Security. 2021. “The Common Denominator: How Corruption in the Security Sector Fuels Insecurity in West Africa”. Lon- don: Transparency International UK. https://ti-defence.org/publications/ west-africa-security-defence-sec- tor-corruption-insecurity-conflict/ 8 Transparency International Defence and Security. 2019. “Cor- ruption as Statecraft: Using Corrupt Practices as Foreign Policy Tools”. London: Transparency International UK. https://ti-defence.org/wp-content/ uploads/2019/11/DSP_Corruption- asStatecraft_251119.pdf 9 Zelikow P., Edelman E., Harrison K. and Gventer, C. 2020. “The Rise of Strategic Corruption: How States Weaponize Graft”. Foreign Affairs Mag- azine . https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/united-states/2020-06-09/ rise-strategic-corruption 10 Cederman L., Weidmann N. and Gleditsch K. 2011. “Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison”. American Political Science Review . 105(3), pp. 478-495. https://www. cambridge.org/core/journals/amer- ican-political-science-review/article/ abs/horizontal-inequalities-and-eth- nonationalist-civil-war-a-global-com- parison/840A4D0FA634987190F- D73A38E136860#access-block 11 Transparency International and Equal Rights Trust. 2021. “Defying exclusion: Stories and insights on the links between discrimination and corruption”. https://www.transparen - cy.org/en/publications/defying-exclu- sion-corruption-discrimination 12 Data obtained from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s Global Protest Tracker . https://carneg- ieendowment.org/publications/inter- active/protest-tracker# TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL 16