Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 - Executive Summary

ENDNOTES CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019 27 1 Based on the variable Power Distributed by social group (v2pepwrsoc) in Varieties of Democracy , https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/data- version-9/ 2 Electoral Integrity Project, Perceptions of US Electoral Integrity , May 2019, https://www. electoralintegrityproject.com/data 3 The data is taken from the variable “v2eldonate” in the VDEM dataset, which rates the disclosure of campaign donations in national election campaigns. The answers to the question range from a scale of 0 for no disclosure requirements to 4 for comprehensive requirements that are consistently observed and enforced. For data visualization purposes, categories 0 and 1 were merged. 4 OSCE, Bosnia and Herzegovina General Elections: ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report , 2019, https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ bih/389537 5 Kalinowski, T., Rhyu, S.Y. and Croissant, A, South Korea Report: Sustainable Governance Indicators 2019 . Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2019, https://www.sgi-network.org/2019/ South_Korea 6 Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2018 Country Report — Côte d’Ivoire . Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2018, https:// www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/ BTI/Downloads/Reports/2018/pdf/ BTI_2018_Cote_d_Ivoire.pdf 7 The data is taken from the variable “v2dlconslt” in the VDEM dataset, which rates the range of consultation when policy changes are being considered. The answers to the question range from 0 for no consultation to 5 for comprehensive consultation exercises involving all parts of the political spectrum and other relevant actors (business and civil society). For visualization purposes the categories were merged into three categories only, one for consultation with groups close to the government, one with political groups not in the government and a last category containing a broader range of actors. 8 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2019: Nicaragua , February 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/report/ freedom-world/2019/nicaragua 9 Freedom House, F reedom in the World 2019: Ecuador , February 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/report/ freedom-world/2019/ecuador 10 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2019: Turkey , February 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/report/ freedom-world/2019/turkey 11 Transparency International, 25 corruption scandals that shook the world , July 2019, https://www. transparency.org/news/feature/25_ corruption_scandals 12 Deutsche Welle, Odebrecht bribed across Latin America , December 2016, https://www.dw.com/en/ odebrecht-bribed-across-latin- america/a-3688760 0 13 Transparency International, Global Corruption Barometer – Latin America and the Caribbean , September 2019, https://www.transparency. org/gcb10/latin-america-and-the- caribbean 14 Cámara De Diputados Del H. Congreso De La Unión, Ley Orgánica De La Fiscalía General De La República , December 2018, http://www. diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/ LOFGR_201218.pdf 15 Milken Institute Review, Authoritarian Populism Loses Its Glow in Nicaragua , July 2018, https:// www.milkenreview.org/articles/ authoritarian-populism-loses-its-glow- in-nicaragua 16 Thomas, Troy, Optimism about fighting corruption in Guyana , September 2019, https://voices. transparency.org/optimism-about- fighting-corruption-in-guyana- f5307f402344 17 Pew Research Center. Public Trust in Government: 1958-2019 , April 2019, https://www.people-press. org/2019/04/11/public-trust-in- government-1958-2019/ 18 The New York Times. Clash Between Trump and House Democrats Poses Threat to Constitutional Order , May 2019, https://www.nytimes. com/2019/05/07/us/politics/trump- democrats.html 19 Open Secrets, L obbying spending reaches $3.4 billion in 2018, highest in 8 years , January 2019, https://www. opensecrets.org/news/2019/01/ lobbying-spending-reaches-3-4-billion- in-18/