Corruption Perceptions Index 2023

ENDNOTES 1 World Justice Project, Rule of Law Index: 2023 Insights, Washington, DC: World Justice Project, 2023. https:// worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law- index/downloads/WJPInsights2023.pdf 2 The justice system comprises the various agencies, establishments and institutions tasked with administering or enforcing the law. The judiciary is the system of courts and tribunals that adjudicates legal disputes and interprets, applies and defends the law. 3 World Justice Project, “Human Rights Declined in 3 out of 4 Countries since a Global Rule of Law Recession Began in 2016”. Washington, DC: World Justice Project, 2023. https:// worldjusticeproject.org/news/wjp- rule-law-index-2023-global-press- release 4 Vrushi, J., and Martinez Barranco Kukutschka, R., “Why fighting corruption matters in times of COVID-19”. Berlin: Transparency International, 2021. https://www. transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2020- research-analysis-why-fighting- corruption-matters-in-times-of- covid-19 5 Only CPI results from 2012 onwards can be compared. 6 Zuniga, N., Examining State Capture: Undue Influence on Lobbying and the Judiciary in the Western Balkans and Turkey. Berlin: Transparency International, 2020. 2020_Report_ExaminingStateCapture_ English.pdf (transparencycdn.org) 7 Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2007: Corruption in Judicial Systems, p.21, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 8 UNCAC Article 11, Paragraph 1. 9 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, The United Nations Convention against Corruption: Implementation Guide and Evaluation Framework for Article 11. Vienna: United Nations, 2015. 10 Martinez Barranco Kukutschka, R., “The long arm of the law versus the invisible hand of the market?” in Heywood, P. and Mungiu-Pippidi, A. A Research Agenda for Studies of Corruption. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. 11 United Nations, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, A/HRC/44/47. New York: United Nations, 2020. https://www.ohchr. org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ ahrc4447-independence-judges-and- lawyers-report-special-rapporteur ; Kugler, M., Verdier,T. and Zenou, Y., “Organized crime, corruption and punishment”, Journal of Public Economics 89: 9–10, 1639-1663, 2005. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/abs/pii/ S0047272704000787 12 United Nations, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, A/HRC/44/47, New York: United Nations, 2020. https://www.ohchr. org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ ahrc4447-independence-judges-and- lawyers-report-special-rapporteur 13 Mijatović, D., “Corruption undermines human rights and the rule of law”. Human Rights Comments. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2021. https://www.coe.int/ nl/web/commissioner/-/corruption- undermines-human-rights-and-the- rule-of-law CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2023 21 Embargoed until 07.01am CET (Berlin) 30 January 2024