Corruption Perceptions Index 2021

ENDNOTES 1  The 2021 CPI score for each of these 27 countries was the lowest score they had achieved since the earliest comparable year of available data (2012) : Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Canada, Comoros, Cyprus, Dominica, Eswatini, Honduras, Hungary, Israel, Lebanon, Lesotho, Mongolia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Philippines, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, South Sudan, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Venezuela. 2  Freedom House (2021). Freedom in the World 2021: Democracy under Siege. Available at: https:// freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- world/2021/democracy-under-siege. 3  Transparency International and International Council on Human Rights Policy (2009). Corruption and Human Rights: Making the connection. Available at: https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=1551222. 4  Lührmann, A. and Lindberg, S. I., Democratization (2019). ’A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?’. Available at: www. tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/135 10347.2019.1582029. 5  Drapalova, E. (2019). ‘Corruption and the crisis of democracy’, Transparency International, 7 March 2019. Available at: https:// knowledgehub.transparency.org/ helpdesk/corruption-and-the-crisis-of- democracy. 6  Lawlor, M. (2020). Final warning: death threats and killings of human rights defenders: report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders, Mary Lawlor, United Nations. Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/ record/3898237?ln=en. 7  Reporters without Borders (2021). ‘At least 22 newspapers “murdered” in the past five years’. Available at: https://rsf.org/en/news/least-22- newspapers-murdered-past-five- years. 8  Committee to Protect Journalists (2021). ‘Pegasus Project revelations show added layer of risk for corruption reporters’. Available at: https://cpj.org/2021/07/pegasus- project-risk-corruption-reporters. 9  V-DEM (2021). ‘Pandemic backsliding’. Available at: www.v-dem. net/pandem.html. 10  This refers to countries that registered statistically significant improvements or declines considering a 90 per cent confidence interval. While other countries may register changes of the same magnitude, their scores show substantial variation among the CPI’s underlying sources. 11  Euronews (2021). ‘Revolt, repression and reprisals: A look back at a year of turmoil in Belarus’. Available at: www.euronews. com/2021/08/09/revolt-repression- and-reprisals-a-look-back-at-a-year-of- turmoil-in-belarus. 12  International Press Institute (2021). ‘Nicaragua: Crackdown on independent media escalates ahead of elections’. Available at: https:// ipi.media/nicaragua-crackdown-on- independent-media-escalates-ahead- of-elections. 13  AP News (2021). ‘Nicaragua orders closure of 15 more NGOs’. Available at: https://apnews.com/ article/entertainment-music- caribbean-nicaragua-705301837f2701 bfbd2ecf95fbcb6da5. 14  UN News (2021). ‘Sudan coup: Human Rights Council hears calls for return to democratic rule’. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/ story/2021/11/1105012. 15  Human Rights Watch (2020). ‘Philippines: Events of 2020’. Available at: www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/ country-chapters/philippines. 16  Economist Intelligence Unit (2020). Democracy Index 2020. Available at: www.eiu.com/n/ campaigns/democracy-index-2020. TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL 16